![]() ![]() This repeated appearance and disappearance of mating types might explain why P. This was followed by the reappearance of the A1 mating type, which replaced A2 and spread in other regions. Then, the A2 mating type appeared in many countries. ![]() Since 1980, the A1 mating type was dominant globally, outside the region of its origin. infestans also exhibits asexual reproduction, with high genetic variability. infestans is a heterothallic pathogen with two mating types (A1 and A2), which reproduce sexually through oospores. infestans remains a major threat to global food security. Although numerous studies have been conducted on late blight, P. infestans is reported to have originated either in South America or in central Mexico. ![]() Globally, many epidemics of tomato and potato late blight have been reported since the end of the 19 th century, among which the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s was probably the worst. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is a hemibiotrophic oomycete that causes late blight disease in tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) and potato ( Solanum tuberosum). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. These data may also be accessed via the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under the same accession number.įunding: This work was supported by The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR), Egypt (Grant Number: 2013/2014-547), and the Kazusa DNA Research Institute Foundation, Japan. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Double digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD-Seq) and whole genome resequencing (WGRS) data are available at the DDBJ Sequence Read Archive database under the accession number DRA007610. Received: AugAccepted: DecemPublished: January 21, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Arafa et al. PLoS ONE 15(1):Įditor: Tzen-Yuh Chiang, National Cheng Kung University, TAIWAN infestans isolates as well as breeding of resistant cultivars would facilitate the elimination of the late blight disease.Ĭitation: Arafa RA, Kamel SM, Rakha MT, Soliman NEK, Moussa OM, Shirasawa K (2020) Analysis of the lineage of Phytophthora infestans isolates using mating type assay, traditional markers, and next generation sequencing technologies. infestans isolates in the Egyptian population. Moreover, these analyses revealed new clusters of P. The isolates were classified adequately using high-resolution genome-wide approaches. We also analyzed genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms using double-digest restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and whole genome resequencing (WGRS). infestans isolates collected from Egypt and Japan using various molecular approaches including the mating type assay and genotyping simple sequence repeats, mitochondria DNA, and effector genes. In this study, we analyzed the genomes of P. Therefore, to manage this disease, it is important to understand the genetic divergence of P. infestans isolates via sexual and asexual reproduction. infestans is able to break down host resistance and acquire resistance to various fungicides, possibly because of the existence of high genetic variability among P. Breeding of late blight resistant cultivars is one of the most effective strategies to overcome this disruptive disease. Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, a hemibiotrophic oomycete, has caused severe epidemics of late blight in tomato and potato crops around the world since the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s. ![]()
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